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other:python:misc_by_jyp [2021/10/27 14:05]
jypeter Added sets
other:python:misc_by_jyp [2022/05/23 16:01]
jypeter [numpy related stuff] Changed the VIEW update warnng example
Line 39: Line 39:
 True</​code>​ True</​code>​
  
 +==== Playing with strings ====
 +
 +=== Filenames, etc... ===
 +
 +Check [[other:​python:​misc_by_jyp#​working_with_paths_and_filenames|Working with paths and filenames]] and [[other:​python:​misc_by_jyp#​generating_file_names|Generating file names]]
 +
 +=== Splitting strings ===
 +
 +It's easy to split a string with multiple blank delimiters, or a specific delimiter, but it can be harder to deal with sub-strings
 +
 +<​code>>>>​ str_with_blanks = '​one ​   two\t3\t\tFOUR'​
 +>>>​ str_with_blanks.split()
 +['​one',​ '​two',​ '​3',​ '​FOUR'​]
 +
 +>>>​ str_with_simple_delimiters = '​1,​2,​3.14, ​ 4'
 +>>>​ str_with_simple_delimiters.split(','​)
 +['​1',​ '​2',​ '​3.14',​ ' ​ 4']
 +
 +>>>​ complex_string='​-o 1 --long "A string with accented chars: é è à ç"'​
 +>>>​ complex_string.split()
 +['​-o',​ '​1',​ '​--long',​ '"​A',​ '​string',​ '​with',​ '​accented',​ '​chars:',​ '​\xc3\xa9',​ '​\xc3\xa8',​ '​\xc3\xa0',​ '​\xc3\xa7"'​]
 +
 +>>>​ import shlex
 +>>>​ shlex.split(complex_string)
 +['​-o',​ '​1',​ '​--long',​ 'A string with accented chars: \xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa8 \xc3\xa0 \xc3\xa7'​]</​code>​
 ==== Working with paths and filenames ==== ==== Working with paths and filenames ====
  
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 ==== Sorting ==== ==== Sorting ====
  
 +  * When dealing with **numerical values**, you should use the [[https://​numpy.org/​doc/​stable/​reference/​routines.sort.html|numpy sorting, searching, and counting routines]]!
   * [[https://​docs.python.org/​3/​howto/​sorting.html|Sorting HOW TO]]   * [[https://​docs.python.org/​3/​howto/​sorting.html|Sorting HOW TO]]
   * Example: sorting the keys and the values of a dictionary, and then using the ''​key''​ parameter to sort the keys of a dictionary according to the value associated with the key   * Example: sorting the keys and the values of a dictionary, and then using the ''​key''​ parameter to sort the keys of a dictionary according to the value associated with the key
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 ['​c',​ '​d',​ '​b',​ '​a'​]</​code>​ ['​c',​ '​d',​ '​b',​ '​a'​]</​code>​
  
 +==== numpy related stuff ====
 +
 +=== Dealing with a variable number of indices ===
 +
 +[[https://​numpy.org/​doc/​stable/​user/​basics.indexing.html#​dealing-with-variable-indices|Official reference]]
 +
 +<​code>>>>​ i10 = np.identity(10)
 +>>>​ i10
 +array([[1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
 +       [0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
 +...
 +       [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.]])
 +>>>​ i10.shape
 +(10, 10)
 +
 +>>>​ i10[3:7, 4:6]
 +array([[0., 0.],
 +       [1., 0.],
 +       [0., 1.],
 +       [0., 0.]])
 +       
 +>>>​ s0 = slice(3, 7)
 +>>>​ s1 = slice(4, 6)
 +>>>​ i10[s0, s1]
 +array([[0., 0.],
 +       [1., 0.],
 +       [0., 1.],
 +       [0., 0.]])
 +       
 +>>>​ my_slices = (s0, s1)
 +>>>​ i10[my_slices]
 +array([[0., 0.],
 +       [1., 0.],
 +       [0., 1.],
 +       [0., 0.]])
 +       
 +>>>​ my_fancy_slices = (s0, Ellipsis)
 +>>>​ i10[my_fancy_slices]
 +array([[0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
 +       [0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
 +       [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
 +       [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0.]])
 +>>>​ i10[my_fancy_slices].shape
 +(4, 10)
 +
 +>>>​ # WARNING! DANGERRRR! NEVER forget that a VIEW is NOT A COPY
 +>>>​ # and that you can change the content of the original array by mistake
 +>>>​ my_view = i10[my_slices]
 +>>>​ my_view[:, :] = -1
 +>>>​ my_view
 +array([[-1.,​ -1.],
 +       [-1., -1.],
 +       [-1., -1.],
 +       [-1., -1.]])
 +>>>​ i10
 +array([[ 1.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
 +       [ 0.,  1.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
 +       [ 0.,  0.,  1.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
 +       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  1., -1., -1.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
 +       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0., -1., -1.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
 +       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0., -1., -1.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
 +       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0., -1., -1.,  1.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
 +       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  1.,  0.,  0.],
 +       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  1.,  0.],
 +       [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  1.]])</​code>​
 +
 +=== Finding and counting unique values ===
 +
 +Use ''​np.unique'',​ do **not** try to use histogram related functions!
 +
 +<​code>>>>​ vals = np.random.randint(2,​ 5, (10,)) * 0.5 # Get 10 discreet float values
 +>>>​ vals
 +array([1. , 2. , 1. , 2. , 2. , 1.5, 1. , 1.5, 2. , 1.5])
 +
 +>>>​ np.unique(vals)
 +array([1. , 1.5, 2. ])
 +>>>​ unique_vals,​ nb_unique = np.unique(vals,​ return_counts=True)
 +>>>​ unique_vals
 +array([1. , 1.5, 2. ])
 +>>>​ nb_unique
 +array([3, 3, 4])
 +
 +>>>​ sorted_vals = np.sort(vals) # Sorted copy, in order to check the result
 +>>>​ sorted_vals
 +array([1. , 1. , 1. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 2. , 2. , 2. , 2. ])</​code>​
 +
 +=== Applying a ufunc over all the elements of an array ===
 +
 +There are all sorts of //ufuncs// (Universal Functions), and we will just use below ''​add''​ from the [[https://​numpy.org/​doc/​stable/​reference/​ufuncs.html#​math-operations|math operations]],​ applied on the arrays defined in [[#​finding_and_counting_unique_values|Finding and counting unique values]]
 +
 +<​code>#​ Get the sum of all the elements of '​vals'​
 +>>>​ np.add.reduce(vals)
 +15.5
 +>>>​ np.add.reduce(sorted_vals)
 +15.5
 +>>>​ vals.sum() # The usual and easy way to do it
 +15.5
 +
 +# Compute the sum of the elements of '​nb_unique'​
 +# AND keep (accumulate) the intermediate results
 +>>>​ nb_unique
 +array([3, 3, 4])
 +>>>​ np.add.accumulate(nb_unique)
 +array([ 3,  6, 10])
 +
 +# The accumulated values can be used as indices to separate the different groups of sorted values!
 +>>>​ sorted_vals
 +array([1. , 1. , 1. , 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 2. , 2. , 2. , 2. ])
 +>>>​ sorted_vals[0:​3]
 +array([1., 1., 1.])
 +>>>​ sorted_vals[3:​6]
 +array([1.5, 1.5, 1.5])
 +>>>​ sorted_vals[6:​10]
 +array([2., 2., 2., 2.])
 +
 +# Compute the sum of each equal-value group
 +>>>​ sorted_vals[0:​3].sum(),​ sorted_vals[3:​6].sum(),​ sorted_vals[6:​10].sum()
 +(3.0, 4.5, 8.0)</​code>​
 +
 +=== Applying a ufunc over specified sections of an array ===
 +
 +The [[https://​numpy.org/​doc/​stable/​reference/​generated/​numpy.ufunc.reduceat.html#​numpy.ufunc.reduceat|reduceat]] function can be used to avoid explicit python loops, and improve the speed (but not the readability...) of a script. The example below //​improves//​ what has been shown above
 +
 +<​code>#​ Define a list with the boundaries of the intervals we want to apply the '​add'​ function to
 +# We need to add the beginning index (0), AND remove the last index
 +# (reduceat will automatically go to the end of the input array
 +>>>​ nb_unique
 +array([3, 3, 4])
 +>>>​ slices_indices = [0] + list(np.add.accumulate(nb_unique))
 +>>>​ slices_indices.pop() # Remove last element
 +10
 +>>>​ slices_indices
 +[0, 3, 6]
 +
 +# Compute the sums over the selected intervals with just one call
 +>>>​ np.add.reduceat(np.sort(vals),​ slices_indices)
 +array([3. , 4.5, 8. ])</​code>​
  
 /* /*
other/python/misc_by_jyp.txt · Last modified: 2023/12/08 15:51 by jypeter