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====== Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions for the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum ======


===== Reference =====

<note important>Main reference:\\ \\ **Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis**\\ \\ **Bartlein, P. J.**, S. P. Harrison, S. Brewer, S. Connor, B. A. S. Davis, K. Gajewski, J. Guiot, T. I. Harrison-Prentice, A. Henderson, O. Peyron, I. C. Prentice, M. Scholze, H. Seppä, B. Shuman, S. Sugita, R. S. Thompson, A. E. Viau, J. Williams, H. Wu, **2011**. , Climate Dynamics, 37, 775-802.\\ [[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-010-0904-1|DOI 10.1007/s00382-010-0904-1]]</note>


===== Description =====

These data are a synthesis of existing and available quantitative reconstructions of six //bioclimatic// variables based on fossil pollen for the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum.  The reconstructions are expressed as anomalies and associated uncertainties on a 2x2-degree grid.  The data were gridded by simple averaging of the reconstructions in individual grid cells, and the uncertainties were obtained by pooling the prediction error estimates of individual reconstructions.  No attempt was made to interpolate or fill in empty grid points.

|  Click on the pictures below to download the HIGH resolution pdf  ||
^  mid-Holocene  ^  Last Glacial Maximum  ^
|  [[https://wiki.lsce.ipsl.fr/pmip3/lib/exe/fetch.php/pmip3:synth:bartlein:qrec_06ka.pdf|{{:pmip3:synth:bartlein:qrec_6ka_xsmall.jpg?nolink}}]]  |  [[https://wiki.lsce.ipsl.fr/pmip3/lib/exe/fetch.php/pmip3:synth:bartlein:qrec_21ka.pdf|{{:pmip3:synth:bartlein:qrec_21ka_xsmall.jpg?nolink}}]]  |

Please see the original paper for exact definitions of the time slices used here, the specific approaches used in synthesizing data from multiple sources, and recommendations for the use of the data in data-model comparisons.

The gridded reconstructions are available in two formats (//binary// and //text//), with one file per variable and per period:
  * //binary// [[http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/|NetCDF files]]: ''**variable**_delta_**period**_ALL_grid_2x2.nc''
    * Note: in the NetCDF files, the grid cells where there are no data sites are masked
  * //text// [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values|csv files]]: ''**variable**_delta_**period**_ALL_grid_2x2.csv''
    * Note: the text files only list the grid cells that contain data sites

Where the **variable**s are...

  * **mat**: Mean Annual Temperature (°C)
  * **map**: Mean Annual Precipitation (mm)
  * **mtco**: Mean Temperature of the Coldest Month (°C)
  * **mtwa**: Mean Temperature of the Warmest Month (°C)
  * **gdd5**: Growing Degree Days above 5°C (°C days)
  * **alpha**: moisture index, defined as Mean Annual Actual Evaporation/Mean Annual Potential Evaporation (no units)

... and the **period**s are:
  * **06ka**: mid-Holocene
  * **21ka**: Last Glacial Maximum

Each ''**variable**_delta_period_ALL_grid_2x2'' data file contains the following variables:

^  Variable  ^  Column\\ (.csv file)  ^  Detail  ^
| **lat** |  1  | \\ Latitude of grid-cell center (degrees North)\\ \\ |
| **lon** |  2  | \\ Longitude of grid-cell center (degrees East)\\ \\ |
| **variable**_anm_mean |  3  | \\ Grid-cell mean of reconstructed anomalies\\ \\ |
| **variable**_se_mean |  4  | \\ Grid-cell mean of standard errors of estimates\\ \\ |
| **variable**_tstat |  5  | \\ //t-statistic// = mean anomaly / mean standard error of estimate\\ \\ **=** **variable**_anm_mean / **variable**_se_mean\\ \\ |
| **variable**_sig |  6  | \\ Significance of the //t-statistic//: -1, 0, 1\\ \\ **=** sign(**variable**_tstat) if abs(**variable**_tstat) > 2\\ **=** **0** if abs(**variable**_tstat) < = 2\\ \\ |
| **variable**_sig_value |  7  | \\ Value of //anm_mean// if the //t-statistic// was significant\\ \\ **=** **variable**_anm_mean if **variable**_sig <> 0\\ **=** **0** if **variable**_sig == 0\\ \\ |
| **variable**_npts |  8  | \\ Number of sites in the grid cell\\ \\ |


===== History (changes) =====

  * The data files distributed on the PMIP3 site have been **updated** (from the files originally used in the Bartlein 2011 paper) in order to correct a few values
  * The three ''variable_delta_period_ALL_grid_2x2**_ex**'' **extended** files have the same data as the corresponding ''variable_delta_period_ALL_grid_2x2'' files, and include additional (unpublished) speleothem data and a few sites from the //Shakun et al. (2012)// appendix and from the //Schmittner et al. (2011)// Science paper.  These have been used in the //Harrison et al. (2013) benchmarking// paper. 
    * **map**_delta_**06ka**_ALL_grid_2x2**_ex**.[csv, nc] 
    * **mat**_delta_**06ka**_ALL_grid_2x2**_ex**.[csv, nc]
    * **mat**_delta_**21ka**_ALL_grid_2x2**_ex**.[csv, nc]
  * The additions consist of:
    * Last Glacial Maximum, Mean Annual Temperatures:  1 speleothem record and 2 terrestrial records from Shakun et al. 
    * Mid-Holocene, Mean Annual Temperatures:  3 speleothem records 
    * Mid-Holocene, Mean Annual Precipitation:  4 speleothem records

===== References =====

  * **Schmittner, A.**, N. M. Urban, J. D. Shakun, N. M. Mahowald, P. U. Clark, P. J. Bartlein, A. C. Mix, A. Rosell-Melé, 2011. **Climate Sensitivity Estimated from Temperature Reconstructions of the Last Glacial Maximum**. Science, 334, 1385-1388, [[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6061/1385|DOI: 10.1126/science.1203513]]
  * **Shakun, J. D.**, P. U. Clark, F. He, S. A. Marcott, A. C. Mix, Z. Liu, B. Otto-Bliesner, A. Schmittner and E. Bard, 2012. **Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation**, Nature, 484, 49-55, [[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/full/nature10915.html|DOI:10.1038/nature10915]]
  * **Harrison, S. P.**, P. J. Bartlein, S. Brewer, I. C. Prentice, M. Boyd, I. Hessler, K. Holmgren, K. Izumi, K. Willis, 2013. **Climate model benchmarking with glacial and mid-Holocene climates**. Climate Dynamics, [[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-013-1922-6|DOI 10.1007/s00382-013-1922-6]]


===== Download =====

<note tip>\\ [[pmip3:synth:bartlein:download|Click here to access the data]]</note>


===== Contact =====

You can get the author(s) contact details on the [[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-010-0904-1|Journal page]]

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