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//Go to =>// [ [[pmip3:design:pi:index|PI]] ] - [ [[pmip3:design:6k:index|6ka]] ] - [ **21ka** ] - [ [[pmip3:design:lm:index|LM]] ] - [ [[pmip3:design:8k2:index|8.2ka]] ] - [ [[pmip3:design:li:index|LI]] ] - [ [[pmip3:design:plio:index|Plio]] ]

====== 21ka Experimental Design======

<note warning>This was a BC //development page// (see [[index#page_bottom_tag|discussion]] panel at the end of the page)\\ \\ Make sure you use the [[pmip3:design:21k:final|final version of the 21ka BC]]!</note>

===== Boundary conditions =====

==== Summary of 21ka boundary conditions ====


^      ^   PMIP3  ^  Minimum solution  ^
|  Orbital parameters  |  [ **ecc** = 0.018994 ] - [ **obl** = 22.949° ] - [ **peri-180°** = 114.42° ]  | |
|  Date of vernal equinox  |  March 21 at Noon  | |
|  Trace gases  |  [ **CO<sub>2</sub>** = 185 ppm ] - [ **CH<sub>4</sub>** = 350 ppb ] - [ **N<sub>2</sub>O** = 200 ppb ] - [ **CFC** = 0 ] - [ **O<sub>3</sub>** = same as PI ]  | |
|  Aerosols  |  Same as PI (see //Dust forcing// note below)  | |
|    | |  |
|  Solar constant  |  1365 W/m<sup>2</sup>  |  As in PI  |
|  Vegetation     |  Interactive  |  See specific note below  |
|  Ice sheet      |  Revised ICE5G???? (provided) * |    |
|  Topography and coastlines  |  From ???? (provided) * |  minimum changes (see note below)  |
|  River outflow  |  Modified according to a river pathway map (provided)  |  Same as PI  |
|  Ice sheet ice stream  |  add excess LGM freshwater (see below)  |  Same as PI  |
|  Mean ocean salinity  |   ??? -1PSU everywhere ???  |  |

* see discussion on the ice-sheet

Please use the [[index#page_bottom_tag|discussion]] panel to **comment** this table!


==== Ice-sheet ====

The ice sheet to be used for PMIP3/CMIP5 experiments is still under discussion. 
Click on the link below to have access to the ongoing propositions and discussions
  * [[pmip3:design:21k:icesheet:index| LGM ice sheet]] 

==== Vegetation ====

The vegetation should be treated as in the CMIP5 PI experiment. The reason is that in CMIP5 we test the version of the model used for future climate projections. Since OA and ESM models will be considered, depending on the model used the vegetation will be 

  * prescribed to PI (which means both vegetation types and LAI are prescribed )
  * Prescribed to PI with interactive LAI (models with interactive carbone cycle, but no vegetation dynamics)
  * Computed by the model (models with dynamic vegetation) 

There are still questions concerning the possibility to have a 6ka reconstructed vegetation from a combination of model output and data analyses that could be used for sensitivity experiments. Please tell if you are interested by such a map and what would be the best variables (pft?) that should be provided (see comment from B. Otto-Bliesner in the discussion panel).  


==== For Earth System Models with interactive carbon cycle ====

The simlations are forced by CO2 concentrations. Please use the same protocol as in CMIP5 to store the carbon fluxes and the variables needed for PCMIP (see list here) 

==== Insolation ====

Note that insolation should follows PMIP requirements. Please check it carefuly using the following tables ([[http://pmip2.lsce.ipsl.fr/design/tables/inso_tables_21k.shtml|LGM insolation tables]])

==== River outflow ====

The river pathways and basins should be at least adjusted so that fresh water is conserved at the Earth's surface: care should be taken that rivers reach the ocean (due to the lower sea level at LGM, some river mouths have to be displaced towards the coast).

==== Ice-sheet mass balance ====

It is advised to ensure a closed fresh water balance at the Earth's surface: snow accumulating on the ice-sheets should be redistributed to the oceans, either globally or in the adjacent oceans.

==== Dust forcing ====

Some ESM have interative aerosols. In that case compute dust and associated forcing online, as in PI. If this is not the case then the recommendation is to keep dust and aerosols as in PI (I.E no change for 21 ka).  

===== Initial conditions =====


===== Additional information  =====

==== Siberia winter palaeotemperatures ====

The following maps has been provided by [[avkislov@mail.ru|Alexander Kislov]] and [[vasilch@geol.msu.ru| Yurij Vasil'chuk]] (Moscow State University)\\ 
{{:pmip3:design:21k:t_18o_paleo.jpg|Siberia winter palaeotemperatures}}\\ 
Siberia winter palaeotemperatures, reconstructed by δ18O in ice wedges formed 30-25 (a) and 22-14 (b) ka BP\\ \\ 
{{:pmip3:design:21k:locations_14c.png}}\\ 
Map of northern Eurasia showing localities mentioned in text where 14C dated syngenetic ice-wedges formed during the Late Pleistocene.\\ 
Legend: (1) localities of 14C dated sequences; (2) southern boundary of modern and Late Pleistocene syngenetic ice-wedges; (3) southern boundary of Late Pleistocene palaeopermafrost zone.


\\ \\ \\ 
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