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Table of Contents
Go to ⇒ [ PI ] - [ 6ka ] - [ 21ka ] - [ LM ] - [ LI ] - [ Plio ]
21ka Experimental Design
Use the discussion panel at the end of the page for comments
Boundary conditions
Summary of 21ka boundary conditions
| PMIP3 | Minimum solution | |
|---|---|---|
| Orbital parameters | [ ecc = 0.018994 ] - [ obl = 22.949° ] - [ peri-180° = 114.42° ] | |
| Date of vernal equinox | March 21 at Noon | |
| Trace gases | [ CO2 = 185 ppm ] - [ CH4 = 350 ppb ] - [ N2O = 200 ppb ] - [ CFC = 0 ] - [ O3 = same as PI ] | |
| Aerosols | Same as PI (see not below) | |
| Solar constant | 1365 W/m2 | As in PI |
| Vegetation | Interactive | See specific note below |
| Ice sheet | Revised ICE5G???? (provided) | |
| Topography and coastlines | From ???? (provided) | minimum changes (see note below) |
| River outflow | Modified according to a river pathway map (provided) | Same as PI |
| Ice sheet ice stream | add excess LGM freshwater (see below) | Same as PI |
| Mean ocean salinity | ??? -1PSU everywhere ??? |
Please use the discussion panel to comment this table!
Vegetation
Depending on the complexity of the model used the vegetation will be either:
- computed by the model
- prescribed to PI (some ESM may only compute vegetation phenology and carbon cycle)
- prescribed to 21ka vegetation reconstructed from a combination of model output and data analyses (please use the map provided here)
- Obtained from asynchronous coupling with a DVGM (Biome 4 model provided)
For Earth System Models with interactive carbon cycle
The simlations are forced by CO2 concentrations. Please use the same protocol as in CMIP5 to store the carbon fluxes and the variables needed for PCMIP (see list here)
Insolation
Note that insolation should follows PMIP requirements. Please check it carefuly using the following tables (LGM insolation tables)
River outflow
The river pathways and basins should be at least adjusted so that fresh water is conserved at the Earth's surface: care should be taken that rivers reach the ocean (due to the lower sea level at LGM, some river mouths have to be displaced towards the coast).
Ice-sheet mass balance
It is advised to ensure a closed fresh water balance at the Earth's surface: snow accumulating on the ice-sheets should be redistributed to the oceans, either globally or in the adjacent oceans.
Dust forcing
Some ESM have interative aerosols. In that case compute dust and associated forcing online, as in PI. If this is not the case then the recommendation is to keep dust and aerosols as in PI (I.E no change for 21 ka).
Initial conditions
Additional information
Siberia winter palaeotemperatures
The following maps has been provided by Alexander Kislov and Yurij Vasil'chuk (Moscow State University)
Siberia winter palaeotemperatures, reconstructed by δ18O in ice wedges formed 30-25 (a) and 22-14 (b) ka BP
Map of northern Eurasia showing localities mentioned in text where 14C dated syngenetic ice-wedges formed during the Late Pleistocene.
Legend: (1) localities of 14C dated sequences; (2) southern boundary of modern and Late Pleistocene syngenetic ice-wedges; (3) southern boundary of Late Pleistocene palaeopermafrost zone.
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Discussion
Ice-sheet mass-balance redistribution is non-trivial. Even if the ice-sheet is assumed to have 0 net mass-balance change, regional discharge will vary. Ie part of the ice-sheet can be growing, another part shrinking resulting in spatially heterogenous discharge to the oceans. Combined drainage/ice-sheet/isostasy modelling can resolve this and create a self-consistent routing map.
A related issue is iceberg versus meltwater discharge. Glaciological models approximately resolve this (we lack well constrained calving models, so emphasis on the “approximate”). Is it worth considering different treatment of freshwater versus ice-berg discharge wrt when mixing can occur in the ocean?
Topography and coastlines need to be a part of the self-consistent ice-sheet/topography package.
A vegetation map for 21ka reconstructed from a combination of model output and data analyses would be very useful for modeling groups that will not be using interactive vegetation in their PI and 20th century runs. We could query groups on the best format. For CCSM, a pft vegetation map would be best.
We would like to add in this Table (21 ka boundary conditions) the new line “PERMAFROST DISTRIBUTION”. Apart from, we can discuss the scale of Arctic ocean regression during the 21 ka BP as at that time in Yamal, Gydan and Timyr Peninsulas marine terraces were formed. It means that ocean level was high as today. We have the detailed maps of stable isotope distribution in permafrost at this time so we have good instrument for winter temperature reconstruction.
Professors Alexander Kislov and Yurij Vasil’chuk (Moscow State University)
As example, we present two maps, containing the mean January temperature reconstructed based on the signal of the δ18O in ice wedges Professors Alexander Kislov and Yurij Vasil’chuk (Moscow State University)
(unfortunately, maps, probably, can not be represented!)
Fig.1. Sibiria winter palaeotemperatures, reconstructed by δ18O in ice wedges formed 30-25 (a) and 22-14 (b) ka BP.
The figure is now available slightly above in the page